![]() Thrusting features in Rieperbreen’s radargram revealed a historical surge, which was also indicated by surrounding landforms and historical elevation change. ![]() The temperate ice was found to have formed recently, which may be related to the heavily crevassed zone in the uppermost part of lower Foxfonna, and the introduction of surface meltwater during an extreme melt year on the Foxfonna icecap. ![]() ![]() In contrast, the rest of the glacier system was entirely cold. The presence of scattering zone in the radargram of lower Foxfonna showed a possible area of temperate ice close to the head of the glacier, up to 20 m thick and beneath approximately 100 m of ice. Besides, a total of 56.68% of the ice volume has been lost over 60 years between 19. Comparisons to elevation data obtained from historical aerial photography indicate total mean surface elevation change is -20.50 ± 11.31m from 1961 to 2020, with a constantly accelerating rate of negative elevation change per year. The dwindling volume of Arctic small-size (<30km2) Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) photogrammetric reconstructions (3,552 images in September 2020) and Ground-Penetrating Radar (GPR) profiles (40.31km in April 2021) of Foxfonna & Rieperbreen glacier on Svalbard reveal that the total glacier extent is 6.46 km and about 55.08% of the areal extent have been lost since 1936. ![]()
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